HERE ARE THE NOTES FOR JSS1 SECOND TERM.

CENTERS OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Centers of ancient civilization means kingdoms that developed without external help. Some of these places include:

1.Nok

2.Igboukwu

3.Ile ife

4.Kanem Bornu.

NOK

Nok is an ancient culture which was known to be the first to produce terracotta sulptures of human heads and animals.The first Nok terracota was discovered by Colonel Dent Young  in 1928, near the village of Nok in Kaduna state  and the name Nok was derived from a Ham village in Jaba Local government in Kaduna.

Features of Nok Terracotta.

1.Nok sculptures had triangular shaped and bulgy eyes.

2. Their sculptures were not naturalistic in nature.

3.Their figurines were made in a seated  form.

4. They made use of baked clay.

NOTE: TERRACOTTA ARE ARTWORKS MADE WITH BAKED CLAY.

Occupational Activities of Nok People.

They were good in farming, iron and tin mining/ smelting, that was how they survived.

TOPIC 2

ANCIENT HISTORIC STATES IN NIGERIA: ILE IFE.

Ile ife is an ancient historic state that is currently located in Osun state in south west , Nigeria.It is noted to be the ancestral home of the Yoruba or the holy city of the Yoruba.

Acoording to sources of history, Ile ife came about as being the first settlement of Oduduwa, who happened to be the ancestral father/diety and from there the yoruba people dispersed to other areas to form kingdoms making ile ife , a place of dispersion .

NOTE: MEANING OF ILE -IFE: PLACE OF DISPERSION.

Features of Ile ife Artworks

1. They made use of copper, brass, stone, and clay to produce artworks.

2.Their human heads had marks / striations .

3.Their artworks were naturalistic and more advanced.

Occupations of Ile ife people.

They were involved in these major activities for their survival:

1. Farming

2. Trade

3.Sculpture.

4.Wood carving

TOPIC 3: ANCIENT HISTORIC SITES: BENIN 

Benin, currently, is located in Edo state , a state that is in southsouth geo political zone of Nigeria. It has been in existence for thousands of years.

According to sources, Benin kingdom was originally known as Igodomigodo and ruled by the ogisos also known kings of the sky. Their reign came to an end due to internal struggles for power and land , and it was handed over to Eweka who happened to be the son of Oranmiyan(Oranmiyan was the son of Oduduwa, the ancestral father/ founder of the Yoruba tribe). Eweka became the first oba of Benin kingdom. They speak edo language and hold their culture and traditons in high esteem.

Features of Benin Artworks/ Artifacts.

An artifact is a man made object with historical identiy and purpose. The following are characteristics of Benin artifacts:

1.They were made in beaded forms.

2. They were made with  cast bronze and ivory.

3. Their terracotta heads showed more of royalty.

Occupational Activities of the Benin people

The people of Benin were farmers(having cultivated both food and cash crops),traders, and were skilled blacksmiths and bead makers.They were creative and industrious people.

Click in the link to go through some questions and answers from Jss1 Scheme.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Mq1yGjk0XZ6GykgTv4wbFILh4GWzpWP-sqN7Pac4gws/edit?tab=t.t2ds56azkva3

TOPIC 4:

ANCIENT HISTORIC SITES:IGBOUKWU 

Igboukwu, presently is located in Anambra state, south east geopolitical zone of Nigeria.Igbo ukwu people speak igbo language.

According to sources of History, Igbo ukwu as an ancient city became notable some ancient items  was discovered in the Anozie's compound as Isaiah dug wells to conserve water for the dry season. This discovery brought the British represented by Charles Thurston  and which he named these sites accordingly using the names of the owners of the compounds,Igbo Isaiah,Igbo Richard and Igbo Jonah.

In Jonah's compound,a disposal pit with bronze objects, ornaments,  rope pot and glass beads were found.

In Isaiah compound, ornamental regalia, beaded chains,an alter stand, were found.

In Richard compound, textiles, elephant tusk and a structure like tomb with human remains  were discovered.

Igboukwu people were noted to be good craftsmen using bronze , copper, iron,  and ceramics to make artifacts.

Occupational Activities of IgboUkwu

They were hunters, farmers, traders and good craftsmen .

TOPIC 5:

INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY AND INTERGROUP RELATIONS.

 

BRITISH SYSTEMS OF COLONIZATION.

  DIRECT RULE.

Direct rule is a system of government where by the people are ruled by the central government without the use of middle men or intermediaries. It entailed the administration of Nigerian territories directly by British officials and in accordance to British laws.

When  the British government sacked lagos, they removed oba Kosoko who happened to be a slave dealer and installed Oba Akitoye who was noted to be a British puppet and was so eager to do what the British always wanted. Akitoye was succeded by his son Dosunmu, who wasnt in line with the British governement based on their policies , so the British forced him using threats of another bombardment , to sign the treaty of cession in 1861 which made the British have full control over Lagos, making it the colony of the British, with a direct rule admnistration. The British appointed a governor who saw to the day to day run of the colony and the first colonial governor of lagos colony was Henry Stanhope Freeman.

Features of the British Direct Rule in Nigeria.

1. The use of British administrators in governing the Nigerian Territories.

2. To enforce British policies.

3. A central government.

4. British gave funding to the territories conquered.

Advantages of Direct Rule

1. It allowed for the eradication of slave trade in lagos ports which happened to be one of the major ports that connects to the Atlantic ocean.

2.It allowed for the abolition of inhumane traditional practices.

3.It brought about developments in Nigeria.

Disadvantages

1.British made use of foreign laws to rule the Nigeria people.

2. Disenfranchisement of the people from governance.

3. Disregard for traditional rules, cultures and institutions.

Indirect Rule

This way of administration was introduced by Lord Lugard.It was noted to be the easiest way of ruling Nigeria as an entity due to its size and make up( made up of people from different tribes and languages). Indrect rule is defined as a form of administration involving the use of intermediaries like warrant chiefs or indigenous leaders  that were answerable to the central government  and to ensure a smooth run in governing or governance in Nigeria.

Features of Indirect  Rule.

1. The use of native/ warrant chiefs.

2. There was an active governor.

3. There was  a well defined tax system for the collection of taxes.

4. The use of native courts and police authority.

5. Increased grassroot participation.

Reasons for Adopting the Indirect Rule

1. Language barrier.

2. Shortage of trained personnel.

3.The large size of the Nigerian terrtitories.

4.For effective control.

5. For its noted sucess in areas like Uganda and India 

6. To retain a working Traditional system.

Advantages of Indirect Rule.

1.It brought government to grassroot level.

2.It helped in retaining local rules and customs.

3.It brought stability in government.

4.It was a cheaper mode of governing the territories.

Disadvantages of Indirect Rule.

1.It led to riots and protests due to heavy taxation. eg Aba women riot of 1929 which led to the abolition of warrant chief system in January , 1930.

2. Most leaders were noted to be British puppets , doing the will of the british than ensuring good governance for their people.

3.It led to opposition between the literate elites and the illiterate traditional rulers.

4.Final authority were still in the hands of the British.

NOTE:  After reading, highlight their differences and state them in the comments. If you have questions, ask them in the comments too, for further clarification. 

Also, I will give a link for the preparatory questions from Jss1scheme. Go through and ask questions.

HERE IS THE LINK: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Mq1yGjk0XZ6GykgTv4wbFILh4GWzpWP-sqN7Pac4gws/edit?tab=t.t2ds56azkva3

BRITISH COLONIZATION OF NIGERIA TERRITORIES

WHAT IS COLONIZATION?

Colonization is the process by which a powerful nation extends her authority over territories and people outside her boundary.In the process of colonization, the colonizer imposes  her economical, religious and cultural policies over the local or indigenous people of the colonized territory.

 The British came to Nigeria essentially for trade,other objectives began to come up when they noticed the richness in culture and geographical structure of Nigeria as an entity. These objectives include:

1.To exploit natural resources  and raw materials which was mainly used in their production companies.

2. To introduce their cultures and language 

3.To abolish harmful and inhumane traditional practices

4.For expansion of  colonies / territories .

5. To gain and retain dominace as world power

6.To introduce western education and christianity 

7.To protect their already established companies.

For them to have full control over Nigerian territories, they had to make use of agents of colonizaton such as explorers ( the likes of Mungo Park, Hugh Clapperton, The Landers brothers, Dixon Durham, Walter Oudney, so s to know the geographical scope of Nigeria), Traders( when a route was discovered, trade began from smaller quantities to larger ones. Importation and exportation of goods were carried out with ease.  Companies were established. People like MacGregor Laird , John Holt and Sir Goldie Taubman played key roles with regards to this. 

Also, they sent mssionaries to evangelise and introduce christianity and to put a stop to abominable practices  in Nigeria. Mary Slessor, Thomas Birch Freeman, Henry Town send , Samuel Ajayi Crowther were involved in this.

OTHER WAYS USED IN THE COLONIZATION OR CONQUEST OF NIGERIA.

The British used other systematic ways which included:

1.Signing of treaties with Nigerian Traditional rulers: A treaty is a written agreement signed by two  or more nations which is formal and must be strictly adhered to. The british signed treaties with traditional rulers so as to gain their cooperation and to have free access to Nigerian assets.Two important treaties signed were; trade treaties and slave dealing treaties.

The slave dealing treaties was signed so as to block the endless supply of slaves at the lagos ports. It was signed between the British and Oba Akitoye in 1852 after the bombardment of lagos in 1851 and the removal  Oba Kosoko( a lover of slave trade) .The treaty of 1852 was to stop the trade of slaves at lagos ports after which Lagos became a colony of the British in 1861, thanks to the treaty of cession.

Also,Sir Taubman signed trade treaties with local chiefs where his company, Royal Niger Company was situated so as to allow him have full control, access,  and administration over those areas in terms of trade. Most of these treaties were deceitful, were imposed through the use of military force and have lasting consequences. Since they were writtien in English, the native leaders were unable to read and comprehend the contents of the treaties . In return for signing these treaties, the British government offered protection and monetary compensation known as COMEY.

2.Waging of  Wars: The second strategy used by the British in acquring more territories was waging of wars. For example : the bombardment of Lagos in 1851, the Benin massacre / expediton of 1897,  and the ijebu war in 1892. Here, military forces were employed to suppress/ conquer these terrtiories and their uncooperative leaders  under the mercy of the British.

The British were able to conquer because they had the upper hand in terms of  strategies, superior weapons and unity with regards to the mission they had.

Legitimate Trade in Nigeria.

     Legitimate trade was introduced due to the non profitability of slave trade after the abolition of the trade that reduced human beings  to nothing . This was the trade that involved the sales of agricultural products instead of humans. It was a legal form of trade that has set rules and regulations of engagements and ensured security of most Africans . It was introduced in late 18th/early 19th century.

The major commodities for this type of trade  were divided into two categories. those acquired from Nigeria were palm oil which was used for the production of soaps and lubrication of machines,cotton, rubber, and groundnuts and in return , they were given items like guns, gun powder, and alcoholic drinks like whiskey and brandy. 

Reassons for the Establishment of Legitimate Trade incluede:

1.To have access to raw materials  from Nigeria

2. To establish  a market  for European manufactured goods.

3. To replace slave trade entirely.

4. For cultural imperialism.

5.  To reduce the rate of chaos especially in slave and house systems with regards to unhealthy  economic competitions amongst themselves.

Effects of the Intoduction of Legitimate Trade.

1. It led to British monopoly of trade.

2. It paved way for colonialism.

3. It revived agriculture.

4. It introduced unequal trading systems.

5.It allowed for industrialization in Nigeria for example the establishment of RNC, Royal Niger Company by Goldie Taubman in 1879( changes made in its name include UAC -United African  Company to National African Company  to Royal Niger Company in 1886)

6.It allowed for importation and exportation of goods from Nigeria to Europe and other parts of the world.

Happy Reading and ask questions in the comments section for clarifications.

NON CENTRALIZED STATES AND CENTRALIZED STATES.

                                NON CENTRALIZED STATES IN PRECOLONIAL NIGERIA.

These are states whereby powers and authority shared amongst smaller units of government which means that powers are not placed or given to a single entitiy.Here, no single person has absolute power and it allowed for effective decision making and highly flexible. it is also known as decentralized states. Examples of non centralized states in precolonial Nigeria were Igbo, Ijaw,  Tiv, Idoma, Ebira,Urhobo Oron, Isoko, Ibibio, Annang, and Egun.

FEATURES OF NON CENTRALIZED STATES IN PRECOLONIAL NIGERIA.

The following were features of non centralized states in precolonial Nigeria:

1. Power was distributed among smaller units that made  up the state.

2. Exisitence of age grade system.

3.It allowed for effective grassroot participation

4.It allowed for wise counsel especially from council of elders. and prevented abuse of power.

5. Existence of secret societies.

CENTRALIZED STATES IN PRECOLONIAL NIGERIA

A centralized state is a state whereby power and authority is vested on a single individual or government at the center or a central governing body. Examples of centralized states in precolonial Nigeria are:Kanem Bornu empire, Nupe Kngdom,Oyo empire,Benin empire, Hausa states , Jukun kingdom and so on.

FEATURES OF CENTRALIZED STATES.

The following are the features of centralized states:

1. They practised a centralized government.

2. They had standardized   autocratic rules .

3. Unicameral legislature.

4.Flexible constitution.

TIV, A NON CENTRALIZED STATE IN PRECOLONIAL NIGERIA.

 ORIGIN OF TIV

Tiv are the largest ethnic group in Benue state which is located in North central geopolitical zone of Nigeria. According to historical sources, it was stated that the history of tiv is tracd to an individual , a man named Tiv / Taruruku who had two sons , ipusu and ichongo. Ichongo had seven sons while Ipusu had three sons. Tiv alongside his sons and grand children made up the first tiv tribe.

The following were the political administrative system of Tiv as a non centralized state in pre colonial Nigeria:

1.Ityo: The Tiv people had a segmentary lineage society  and the smallest segment was the ityo and it was patrilineal.

2. Orya:  The orya was the head of each compound  even as the Tivs lived in large huts known as ya. The orya  provides assistance in settling disputes  between members of a compound and other compounds.

3.The Age grade system / Kwav: They assisted with sanitation, building market structures and implementation of laws.

4. Tor Tiv: Tor Tiv was a title for the leader of Tiv tribe. It was introduced in 1946 as a result of the british indirect rule, tha t means using locals or natives in the administration of people during the colonial era.The seat of the Tor Tiv, the paramount ruler of the Tiv people, is located in Gboko, a town in Benue State, Nigeria. Gboko is considered the traditional and cultural headquarters of the Tiv people, where the Tor Tiv's palace and the Benue State Traditional Council are established.The current Tor Tiv, the paramount ruler of the Tiv people, is His Royal Majesty Professor James Ayatse, also known as BEGHAU OR LION OF TIV tribe.

THE OCCUPATION OF TIV TRIBE

The Tiv people enganged in agriculture(subsistence farming) and reared animals like sheep and goats. Also, they were hunters and blacksmiths. Tiv people have their traditional attire A`nger ( a black and white fabric) as well as locally made instruments basically used for entertainment like kakaki, indyer  and ilyu.

Kakaki played by TIV.

His Royal Majesty,James Ayatse.

                                                

 A child on a Tiv attire.

IDOMA IN PRECOLONIAL NIGERIA.

 According to history, the origin of idoma can be traced to Apa which is in kwararafa kingdom. The idoma  people migrated alongside Ebira and Igala people to their present location. which is the lower western areas of Kogi state with some scattered around Taraba, Cross Rivers, and Nasarawa states.

 A source of history stated that the progenitor of Idoma  was Iduh alongside his off springs namely,Ejeh,Odeh, Ebeibi, Idum, and Agabi. 

Idoma people speaks one language which is Idoma with different dialects or variations which are,Iyala, Etilo, Orokam,Edumoga,otukpo,Utonko, and Igodo. Recently, Idoma has nine communities and is known to be the second largest ethnic group in Benue state after Tiv.

 

SOCIO POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF IDOMA 

The following played important roles to ensure the smooth administration in Idoma in the precolonial Nigeria:

1. Oche: He is the king and religious leader of Idoma tribe. He is appointed or selected by the ojila.

2.Ojila: Ojila is seen as the highest organ of government and have the final authority in Idoma. The ojila are seen as the kingmakers.

3. Ole: It is headed by the Adole. Ole is known as family. The adole settles disputes in the family.

4. Age grade: They perform specific roles in the idoma community.

5. Ai-uta: This was the police force and they were appointed by the ojila.

 

Economic Activities  of Idoma 

Idoma people lived in dispersed settlements and had a grassroot way of politics thus involving young and old to participate actively towards the development of the idoma tribe. 

Their main means of survival was through agriculture  and trapping of animals{ hunting}. They also had trade relations with TIV,Ogoja, and Igala.

They participate in festivals like Aje alekwu and New yam festivals and had traditonal foods like okoho, okpeto, ebancha, ukamu, dry okra soup, onah, and so on.Also, they have a traditonal red and black fabric known as APA OR EDEMA{ the black  represents earth and burial shroud. Red represents royalty or red feather}.

Drummers playing drums dressed in Idoma traditional fabric {APA}.