HERE ARE THE NOTES FOR JSS1 SECOND TERM.

CENTERS OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Centers of ancient civilization means kingdoms that developed without external help. Some of these places include:

1.Nok

2.Igboukwu

3.Ile ife

4.Kanem Bornu.

NOK

Nok is an ancient culture which was known to be the first to produce terracotta sulptures of human heads and animals.The first Nok terracota was discovered by Colonel Dent Young  in 1928, near the village of Nok in Kaduna state  and the name Nok was derived from a Ham village in Jaba Local government in Kaduna.

Features of Nok Terracotta.

1.Nok sculptures had triangular shaped and bulgy eyes.

2. Their sculptures were not naturalistic in nature.

3.Their figurines were made in a seated  form.

4. They made use of baked clay.

NOTE: TERRACOTTA ARE ARTWORKS MADE WITH BAKED CLAY.

Occupational Activities of Nok People.

They were good in farming, iron and tin mining/ smelting, that was how they survived.

TOPIC 2

ANCIENT HISTORIC STATES IN NIGERIA: ILE IFE.

Ile ife is an ancient historic state that is currently located in Osun state in south west , Nigeria.It is noted to be the ancestral home of the Yoruba or the holy city of the Yoruba.

Acoording to sources of history, Ile ife came about as being the first settlement of Oduduwa, who happened to be the ancestral father/diety and from there the yoruba people dispersed to other areas to form kingdoms making ile ife , a place of dispersion .

NOTE: MEANING OF ILE -IFE: PLACE OF DISPERSION.

Features of Ile ife Artworks

1. They made use of copper, brass, stone, and clay to produce artworks.

2.Their human heads had marks / striations .

3.Their artworks were naturalistic and more advanced.

Occupations of Ile ife people.

They were involved in these major activities for their survival:

1. Farming

2. Trade

3.Sculpture.

4.Wood carving

TOPIC 3: ANCIENT HISTORIC SITES: BENIN 

Benin, currently, is located in Edo state , a state that is in southsouth geo political zone of Nigeria. It has been in existence for thousands of years.

According to sources, Benin kingdom was originally known as Igodomigodo and ruled by the ogisos also known kings of the sky. Their reign came to an end due to internal struggles for power and land , and it was handed over to Eweka who happened to be the son of Oranmiyan(Oranmiyan was the son of Oduduwa, the ancestral father/ founder of the Yoruba tribe). Eweka became the first oba of Benin kingdom. They speak edo language and hold their culture and traditons in high esteem.

Features of Benin Artworks/ Artifacts.

An artifact is a man made object with historical identiy and purpose. The following are characteristics of Benin artifacts:

1.They were made in beaded forms.

2. They were made with  cast bronze and ivory.

3. Their terracotta heads showed more of royalty.

Occupational Activities of the Benin people

The people of Benin were farmers(having cultivated both food and cash crops),traders, and were skilled blacksmiths and bead makers.They were creative and industrious people.

Click in the link to go through some questions and answers from Jss1 Scheme.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Mq1yGjk0XZ6GykgTv4wbFILh4GWzpWP-sqN7Pac4gws/edit?tab=t.t2ds56azkva3

TOPIC 4:

ANCIENT HISTORIC SITES:IGBOUKWU 

Igboukwu, presently is located in Anambra state, south east geopolitical zone of Nigeria.Igbo ukwu people speak igbo language.

According to sources of History, Igbo ukwu as an ancient city became notable some ancient items  was discovered in the Anozie's compound as Isaiah dug wells to conserve water for the dry season. This discovery brought the British represented by Charles Thurston  and which he named these sites accordingly using the names of the owners of the compounds,Igbo Isaiah,Igbo Richard and Igbo Jonah.

In Jonah's compound,a disposal pit with bronze objects, ornaments,  rope pot and glass beads were found.

In Isaiah compound, ornamental regalia, beaded chains,an alter stand, were found.

In Richard compound, textiles, elephant tusk and a structure like tomb with human remains  were discovered.

Igboukwu people were noted to be good craftsmen using bronze , copper, iron,  and ceramics to make artifacts.

Occupational Activities of IgboUkwu

They were hunters, farmers, traders and good craftsmen .

TOPIC 5:

INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY AND INTERGROUP RELATIONS.

 

BRITISH SYSTEMS OF COLONIZATION.

  DIRECT RULE.

Direct rule is a system of government where by the people are ruled by the central government without the use of middle men or intermediaries. It entailed the administration of Nigerian territories directly by British officials and in accordance to British laws.

When  the British government sacked lagos, they removed oba Kosoko who happened to be a slave dealer and installed Oba Akitoye who was noted to be a British puppet and was so eager to do what the British always wanted. Akitoye was succeded by his son Dosunmu, who wasnt in line with the British governement based on their policies , so the British forced him using threats of another bombardment , to sign the treaty of cession in 1861 which made the British have full control over Lagos, making it the colony of the British, with a direct rule admnistration. The British appointed a governor who saw to the day to day run of the colony and the first colonial governor of lagos colony was Henry Stanhope Freeman.

Features of the British Direct Rule in Nigeria.

1. The use of British administrators in governing the Nigerian Territories.

2. To enforce British policies.

3. A central government.

4. British gave funding to the territories conquered.

Advantages of Direct Rule

1. It allowed for the eradication of slave trade in lagos ports which happened to be one of the major ports that connects to the Atlantic ocean.

2.It allowed for the abolition of inhumane traditional practices.

3.It brought about developments in Nigeria.

Disadvantages

1.British made use of foreign laws to rule the Nigeria people.

2. Disenfranchisement of the people from governance.

3. Disregard for traditional rules, cultures and institutions.

Indirect Rule

This way of administration was introduced by Lord Lugard.It was noted to be the easiest way of ruling Nigeria as an entity due to its size and make up( made up of people from different tribes and languages). Indrect rule is defined as a form of administration involving the use of intermediaries like warrant chiefs or indigenous leaders  that were answerable to the central government  and to ensure a smooth run in governing or governance in Nigeria.

Features of Indirect  Rule.

1. The use of native/ warrant chiefs.

2. There was an active governor.

3. There was  a well defined tax system for the collection of taxes.

4. The use of native courts and police authority.

5. Increased grassroot participation.

Reasons for Adopting the Indirect Rule

1. Language barrier.

2. Shortage of trained personnel.

3.The large size of the Nigerian terrtitories.

4.For effective control.

5. For its noted sucess in areas like Uganda and India 

6. To retain a working Traditional system.

Advantages of Indirect Rule.

1.It brought government to grassroot level.

2.It helped in retaining local rules and customs.

3.It brought stability in government.

4.It was a cheaper mode of governing the territories.

Disadvantages of Indirect Rule.

1.It led to riots and protests due to heavy taxation. eg Aba women riot of 1929 which led to the abolition of warrant chief system in January , 1930.

2. Most leaders were noted to be British puppets , doing the will of the british than ensuring good governance for their people.

3.It led to opposition between the literate elites and the illiterate traditional rulers.

4.Final authority were still in the hands of the British.

NOTE:  After reading, highlight their differences and state them in the comments. If you have questions, ask them in the comments too, for further clarification. 

Also, I will give a link for the preparatory questions from Jss1scheme. Go through and ask questions.

HERE IS THE LINK: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Mq1yGjk0XZ6GykgTv4wbFILh4GWzpWP-sqN7Pac4gws/edit?tab=t.t2ds56azkva3